Scientists have developed various medicines and cured...

Scientists have developed various medicines and cured diseases by conducting biomedical research over the years. Animal research is one of the most common types of study in biomedical research. Statistics show that about 3.5 millions animals were used in biomedical research in the United Kingdom in 2009 (Festing 2010). Moreover, knowledge about the human heart and lungs has come from studies with dogs, and knowledge about the human immune system has been derived from mice (Gluck, Dipasquale, and Orlans 2002). Animal research helps to produce many vaccines and drugs, like penicillin, which, in turn, protect thousands of human lives. However, because of animal testing, lots of animals die and suffer during the research, which raises ethical†¦show more content†¦However, Edwin Converse Hettinger (2001) argued that just because the ability to recognize and claim rights rest solely with humans does not mean that only humans should enjoy these rights (288). Hettinger (2001) cites the fact that infants do not have the ability to make a rights claim, nor can they recognize the rights of others to do so, yet, they are given rights (288). Another example revolves around mentally disabled humans who do not have the capacity to make rights claims (Hettinger 2001 287). Some animals can perform â€Å"quasi-moral† functions, capable of conforming to the rules of right conduct. For example, dogs have the ability to be obedient, protective, and solicitous; however, there are severely retarded humans who could not achieve these minimal moral duties (Hettinger 2001 288). Moreover, Hettinger (2001) says that adult chimpanzees, pigs, parrots, and members of many other species far surpass humans when compared to infants and the mentally disabled in their abilities to act independently and with self-awareness (288). Thus, Hettinger (2001) believes that people should not so easily dismiss the fact that some animals are better able to perform moral functions than some h umans. Cohen’s view suggests that if most humans have the capacity for moral behavior, but some do not, then those who do not, still deserve moral consideration because they are â€Å"of a kind† (i.e., human kind). Consequently, Hettinger (2001)Show MoreRelatedScience Is An Empirical Science2247 Words   |  9 Pagessciences (studies phenomena), formal sciences (mathematics and logic based), and social sciences (human behavior). Natural science is an empirical science, which means that the knowledge collected must be from an observable phenomenon and must be have the means to be tested for validity by an third party with the same working conditions. Incorporated in natural science lies the branch of biology. Biology is devoted to studying living organisms and life respectively. Within biology, the fastest growingRead MoreClinical Research Past and Present6962 Words   |  28 PagesClinical Research Past and Present Tina Ross-Cruz Abstract Research disasters have been noted for years. In the early years, the reasons for these disasters was that there were no regulations governing the protection of human beings; and there were no guidelines for safety and efficacy of a new medication or treatment prior to the use in humans. Now regulations and guidelines are in effect for the protection of human subjects. These guidelines and regulations also protect the researchersRead MoreMicrobiology Research Paper6879 Words   |  28 PagesStaphylococcus aureus- Is a facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive, salt positive, cocci shaped bacterium. Staphylococcus aureus is found as normal part of the skin floral in the nasal passages and on the skin. An estimated twenty percent of people naturally have harmless Staphylococcus aureus on their skin and are long-term carries for Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common strand of Staphylococcus in humans to date, spread through skin to skin contact or even skin to o bject contact

Analysis Of Emily Dickinson And Postmodernism Essay

Emily Dickinson and Postmodernism When thinking about the concept of postmodernism, one tends to immediately jump to the outlandish forms of art that have appeared over the past few decades under its guise. John Cage, for example, who excelled in composing in the postmodern genre, seemed to make a living off of stringing together various unexpected sounds and crafting music out of them. Andy Warhol, one of the most revered and iconic artists ever, postmodern or otherwise, created his art in ways that completely defied the imagination of the era he lived and worked in. This is, to say, that postmodernism has a very distinct aesthetic that comes to mind when the word is brought up. However, it’s not all flashy and wild; in fact, before the concept of modernism even came into being, Emily Dickinson’s poetry was using and addressing postmodern elements both accurately and effectively. While it doesn’t necessarily illustrate all the elements that are typically present within â€Å"postmodern workâ₠¬  as it’s come to mean today, her writing exhibits distinct and (for the time) groundbreaking examples of postmodernism through its complex syntactical structure and active resistance against period-typical rhythmic format. It must be stated, first and foremost, that this essay’s goal is not to prove that Emily Dickinson’s work was postmodern and only postmodern. Structurally, Emily Dickinson’s poetry is one of the most unique instances within American poetry as a whole. What’s fascinating isShow MoreRelatedAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 PagesTo find out more about a particular literature time period, click on the links below: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Puritan Times Rationalism/Age of Enlightenment American Renaissance/Romanticism Gothic Realism Naturalism Modernism Harlem Renaissance Postmodernism Contemporary Puritan Times period of American Literature - 1650-1750 Content: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · errand into the wilderness be a city upon a hill Christian utopia Genre/Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · sermons, diaries personal narratives captivity narratives

Microeconomic Free Essays

What has been happening to the exchange rate of the US$? Give reasons. How is the exchange rate of a currency determined? If the value goes down will that help or hurt the trade deficit? This year, the US dollar continued its long-expected slide. The Economic Intelligence Unit (2007) reported that the dollar had shown substantial resilience in recent months, even though investors were convinced that the Federal Reserve would not raise short-term interest rates again during this cycle. We will write a custom essay sample on Microeconomic or any similar topic only for you Order Now But interest rate and growth differentials are moving strongly against the dollar and investors are again shifting their attention to the US’s massive external deficits. This will result in the dollar losing further value, averaging US$1.36: â‚ ¬1 and Y105: US$1 in 2007. We then expect a moderate and gradual recovery of the dollar against the euro as the US economy emerges from its weakness in 2007. Nevertheless, room for appreciation will be limited by the current-account deficit, the share of GDP of which will be reduced only gradually. The dollar should continue to weaken against the yen in 2008. As an exchange rate is the rate at which one country’s currency can be traded for another country’s currency, the U.S. exchange rate is influenced country’s income, a country’s prices, the interest rate in a country, and the country’s trade policy. That means that changes in a country’s income, changes in a country’s prices, changes in interest rates, and changes in trade policy can cause the supply of and demand for a currency to shift (Colander 2004). If the exchange rate of the dollar continues to go down, it will definitely help to diminish the trade deficit. This means the United States’ demand for imports will be lowered and foreign countries’ demand for U.S. exports will become higher because of the low dollar exchange rate. After years of having large trade deficits, the US now experienced a lowered exchange rate because a trade deficit often leads to a global excess supply of that country’s currency. With everything else equal, the exchange rate should undergo pressure to depreciate because of this excess supply; with freely floating rates, it can do so. Then the exchange rate change passes through to affect the relative prices of imports and exports. 2. What has been happening to the price of oil on international markets? Discuss the different impacts that this has on the economy, the producers, consumers, pollution, alternative fuels etc. Oil price increases over the past years have been an issue is closely watched and debated because of its huge impacts around the world. For example, a report by the International Energy Agency (May 2004) deemed that â€Å"higher oil prices since 1999 – partly the result of OPEC supply-management policies – contributed to the global economic downturn in 2000-2001†. Another result of which is that â€Å"current cyclical upturn† lagged behind because the â€Å"world GDP growth may have been at least half a percentage point higher in the last two or three years had prices remained at mid-2001 levels†. The IEA report (May 2004) pointed out that â€Å"higher prices are contributing to stubbornly high levels of unemployment and exacerbating budget-deficit problems in many†¦ oil-importing countries†. It furthered that the continued increase in oil prices will be deadlier to developing countries because â€Å"their economies are more dependent on imported oil and more energy-intensive and because energy is used less efficiently†. The report informed that â€Å"oil-importing developing countries use more than twice as much oil to produce a unit of economic output† and when oil prices are high, their efforts in development will surely be affected. However, in the closer analysis, higher oil prices could do more good than bad in the world economy. The Economist Intelligence Unit ViewsWire (May 2006) deemed that although higher oil prices directly worsen a developing country’s trade balance and its current-account deficit that could also reduce corporate profitability and disposable income†, this reduction in domestic demand (the painful part), combined with a depreciation in the exchange rate, should be helpful in boosting exports and cut imports. In the end, higher oil prices are helping restore a country’s current-account to its previous position. This is the reason why some developing countries in Asia have been hardly hit by higher oil prices in the recent years. With continued oil price increases, it will also lessen pollution because people will naturally look for alternative fuels which will be more environmentally-friendly. This will distribute the income from alternative fuels and oil-producing countries, which will eventually stabilize in the future, if the demand for oil will become lower. Car manufacturers will also try their hand in making their products more efficient with the use of fuel. All these improvements will serve up to the benefit of everyone, whether oil exporting or importing countries, because the oil resources are not limitless and should be conserved for the future generation. 3.   How equally is income distributed in the US? What are the reasons? Should the government interfere? If so how and what would be the consequences? How important is social pressure in CEO pay? Income distribution in the United States has a wide disparity. This means that, in 2000, the top 5 percent highest income earners has incomes 19 times higher than the incomes of the bottom 20 percent (Bernstein, 2003). Moreover, according to Swann (2005), the average personal income fell by 0.1 percent in August 2005, depressed by weak wage growth and the effects of hurricane Katrina on income in the affected states. Wages rose by just 0.2 per cent – failing to keep pace with a 0.5 per cent rise in prices. Meanwhile the savings rate remained in negative territory, but improved slightly from -1.1 per cent to -0.7 per cent. However, a recent study entitled â€Å"Changes in the Economic Resources of Low- Income Households with Children† conducted by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) reported that from 1991 to 2005 an average household incomes among families that had children under age 18, the average household income for the lowest quintile of families with children increased from $12,400 in 1991 to $16,800 in 2005. These figures reflect inflation-adjusted dollars and are expressed in 2005 purchasing power. That 14-year change represented a total real increase of 35.5 percent, which reflects a yearly average of 2.2 percent (Washington Times, 10 June 2007). The government should interfere if there is a wide income gap because the general public will exhibit perplexity and annoyance to the growing pay gap between CEOs and other workers. However, organized resistance has been largely confined to groups with direct financial interests, such as pension funds. When the business community has deemed it necessary to justify executive pay, it has couched explanations in terms of contributions to shareholder profits rather than involving itself in income disparity issues. Its stance has been that if the public could only be helped to understand the role of the executives in enhancing the wealth of the corporation, controversy would evaporate. Works Cited Bernstein, Jared. The Hierarchy Income Inequality in the United States. Multinational Monitor, 24.5 (May 2003). Retrieved June 14, 2007 Colander, David C. Economics, 5th ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2004. EIU ViewsWire. Asia Economy: Do High Oil Prices=Low Growth? May 11, 2006. EIU ViewsWire. USA: Currency Forecast, May 24, 2007. International Energy Agency. Analysis of the Impact of High Oil Prices on the Global Economy, May 2004. Retrieved June 14, 2007. Swann, Christopher. USA Economy: US Personal Income and Spending Slips, EIU ViewsWire, September 30, 2005. The Washington Times. News on Family Incomes, June 10, 2007, p. B02. How to cite Microeconomic, Essay examples

Top Tips for Writing a Strong Admission Essay

What is an admission essay? And why is it so important for US colleges and universities? While most European universities offer their future students to take several exams, US teachers and professors ask their entrants to prepare and present an admission essay. An admission essay is a piece of writing, which shows your ability to write well, your attitude towards education, and your fit to the chosen university or college. This essay will help the committee understand your personality, intellectual curiosity, and educational achievements. In this essay, you can explain what your main positive features and unique skills are. So, how can an average entrant create an admission essay, which will be powerful enough to be accepted at the desired University? You can use the main tips described in the paragraph below or you can go to .com for professional advice and support. The choice is yours. Adjust your expectations and make the first step. 5 Tips for a Strong Admission Essay Focus on one thing. Don’t try to describe everything in one essay. Choose one preferable theme, issue, or person to start with. When a student tries to write about many things in one small piece of writing, he/she tends to make it too boring, flat and watered down. Always use the method of brainstorming before writing your essay. Choose only a few good ideas. Avoid perfection. This means you shouldn’t describe yourself as an ideal person without flaws and weak sides. Be objective. Feel free to describe what aspects are more difficult for you than others. No one expects you to be a perfect student. A clear thesis. Your admission essay should contain a clear thesis, describing what you are going to tell about. Proofreading. Never neglect additional proofreading and editing. Give your admission essay to someone else who knows you a little bit more than others. Ask them to read your essay aloud and to tell what impressions they have after reading it. The simpler the better. Many students write about too difficult things to make their essays stand out. And those essays become complex, even for themselves. In reality, the essays that stand out the most are about simple things and everyday topics. The simpler your essay was the better. What is important is that your essay should express your personality, experiences, and perspectives. The main aim of the admission essay is to help the committee to know the applicant. So, the main components of the strong admission essay are focus, realness, clear thesis, good grammar and spelling, and simplicity. And keep your essay short. Don’t try to make it as long as a novel. Just avoid common mistakes, carefully consider what you are going to write about, and present your personality to the committee in the best way possible. It is always useful to read other people’s work to get a sense of what good essays are. To assist you, provides you some  college admissions essay samples  written by counselors and editors hailing from prestigious schools including Harvard. This page contains personal statement samples, statement of purpose samples, and application essay samples for college. But please remember, these are for your reference only; it is not to your benefit to copying their style or concepts. It not only violates academic ethics and could lead to an automatic rejection by the admissions committee — the point of our service is to help you construct a unique essay — not one similar to other essays.

How did the gold rushes change colonial Australia

How did the gold rushes change colonial Australia In the history of nations that throve on the territories of North America and Australia, the nineteenth century is marked by a series of gold rushes that forever changed the ways of development in economical as well as political and social spheres.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How did the gold rushes change colonial Australia? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although in Australia minor gold deposits had been discovered already in early nineteenth century, it was only in the 1850s that mass hysteria and search for gold started, acquiring the name of the Victorian gold rush, after the state most abundant in gold. The events connected with the Victorian gold rush transformed colonial Australia by dramatically increasing its population, restructuring the economic system, and promoting a new sense of identity among the nation. The first and the most obvious transformation Australia underwent as a result of the 1850s g old rush was the immense growth of the population quantity due to immigration rates. Rumors of Australian gold spread in the twinkling of an eye, and the white Australian population which had comprised only 77 thousand people before 1851, rapidly increased by over 370 thousand in only the first year of the rush and constituted 540 thousand people by 1854 (Gold Oz, n. d.). More settlers arrived to Australia in the several beginning years of the Victorian gold rush than there were prisoners brought to the continent from Britain. By the year 1871, Australian population had trebled from 430,000 in 1851 to 1.7 million in 1871 (Australian Government Culture Portal, 2007). Such dramatic increase in population quantity had its consequences both for the economic and political life of Australia. Large-scale immigration brought about the ever-growing need of Australian population for developing agriculture, manufacturing, and construction industries. On the other hand, those industries faced h ard times due to the fact that laborers fled to the areas where gold was discovered and thus left their work unattended. Agriculture was in fact one of the spheres most negatively affected by the events of the Victorian gold rush. For one thing, tillers inspired by perspectives of fast enrichment, left their farms behind, abandoning the land for the sake of gold mining. Other farmers switched their production from wheat to meat and tallow, which were more in demand in the domestic market (Attard, 2008). For another thing, sheep wool which had been Australia’s major export product in the first half of the nineteenth century, was replaced by gold, since the latter appeared a more attractive and valuable source of enrichment for the British Empire (Attard, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In reply to the incredible wealth shipped by Australia, the country profited fr om a large amount of imports and business investment to it (Gold Oz, n. d.). The two major states where the largest deposits of gold had been discovered, Victoria and New South Wales enjoyed an improved system of transportation with the building of the first railroad, and the rudimentary mining techniques were quickly optimized to more modern capital-intensive forms of gold-mining by large companies (Cultural Heritage Unit, 2010). Together with economic benefits, Australian gold rush brought about a number of serious developmental issues to the country. With the land overcrowded by hundreds of thousands of new migrants, it was vital to provide people with appropriate living conditions. For this purpose, large-scale building projects were launched that satisfied the need for housing for the generation of the gold-diggers and their children later on, in the 1880s. The impulse in technology given by the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s helped Australia survive the severe economic depre ssion of the late nineteenth century (Attard, 2008). Simultaneously with economic development, population expansion during the gold rush inspired major social and political changes in the nineteenth-century Australia. The people who arrived to the country were no more exclusively criminals. Rather, the colony was seen as a land of new opportunities, and therefore the practice of providing criminals with a free ticket to wealth was ceased. Not only the British, but also German, French, Italian, and even American people came to seek luck in the gold mines of Australia (Gold Oz, n. d.). This turned the country into a multinational ‘melting pot’ distinguished by diversity of men united by a common ambitious idea of coining their own happiness. Huge masses of people demanded new way of organization and government that would correspond to the newly-arisen sense of being in control of their own destiny and building a self-governed democratic state. Principles of fair treatment and camaraderie led the new Australians to forming small mining clans which in the 1852 Eureka Stockade won the case against unfair mining licensing system. Two years later, another major rebellion resulted in giving the right to vote to the miners, providing more opportunities for buying land, and reforming the administration of goldfields (Gold Oz, n.d.). These events marked the birth of Australian democracy. Australian gold rush of the nineteenth century proved to provide a major impulse for developments both in economic and social spheres of the country. The drastic increase in population caused by mass immigration of the 1850s spurred not only technological innovations but also the establishments of democracy in the land that is now known for unprecedented cooperation and mutual support among its citizens.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How did the gold rushes change colonial Australia? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn Mo re Reference List Attard, Bernard. 2008. â€Å"The Economic History of Australia from 1788: An Introduction†. EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. Web. Australian Government Culture Portal. 2007. The Australian Gold Rush. Web. Cultural Heritage Unit. 2010. Electronic Encyclopedia of Gold in Australia. Web. Gold Oz. n. d. The History of Gold in Australia. Web.

Chinese New Year and the Kitchen God

Chinese New Year and the Kitchen God The Kitchen God is assigned by Yu Huang, the emperor of heaven, to watch over each family and record what they do throughout the year. A paper picture of the Kitchen God is hung in a prominent location in the kitchen. Each year during Chinese New Year, the Kitchen God returns to heaven to report on what the family has done throughout the year. The family has a thank you dinner in which a bowl of sticky rice is placed in front of the Kitchen God. It is believed that if the Kitchen God’s mouth is full of glutinous rice, he will not be able to speak about the family’s activities. Others give glutinous rice balls served in sugar soup and brown sugar bars as a bribe for the Kitchen God to say favorable things about the family. After the thank you dinner, the picture of the Kitchen God is burned and thereby sent back to heaven. A new picture of the Kitchen God is hung in the kitchen after the start of Chinese New Year festivities.

Analysis of jungle book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of jungle book - Essay Example These stories all contain strong moral lessons, and can also be viewed as allegories of real life, not simply the animal life that they can be read as at one level. In the story the White Seal, Kipling uses a seal to portray the conflict within our own lives, and also gives us a look into what we humans are doing to nature. Just like all his other stories, Kipling opens the White Seal Tale with a song, the Seal’s lullaby. This song, which goes as follows â€Å"Oh! hush thee, my baby, the night is behind us, And black are the waters that sparkled so green. The moon, oer the combers, looks downward to find us At rest in the hollows that rustle between. Where billow meets billow, then soft be thy pillow, Ah, weary wee flipperling, curl at thy ease! The storm shall not wake thee, nor shark overtake thee, Asleep in the arms of the slow-swinging seas!† helps set the tone for the whole selection, and also keeps with the Kipling tradition of the rest of the Jungle Book. This opening poem helps set the character for the white seal that is later introduce into the story. By including words such as â€Å"flipperling†, â€Å"rustle†, and â€Å"billow†, Kipling is able to use this poem to set the feel and mood of the rest of the piece. These tone words help set up the feelings of tranquility and peace, however it is this exact feeling that is set up here that is later disturbed. Kipling then uses the start of the story as an allegory against human beings and their many odd behaviors. He describes how the seals all flock to get the best piece of land, and spend many an months simply sitting there and fighting over the best piece of land. Looking into this, one can see the â€Å"high esteem† Kipling held for humans who fought over land, and acted just as stupidly as all of the seals did. It is also important to note that Kipling chose only